Customer and Zara Essay

Above all else, Inditex attempts to handle cannibalization by separating the brands chiefly through the item, target markets (client gatherings and nations), store introduction and retail picture. What's more, in 2008, the level of the development in deals contrasted with 2007 is 9%, it implies that Zara has been fruitful by meeting the ‘risk of cannibalization’. Contrast and different contenders, Inditex has a few focal points. For instance, the first is the recurrent visits. A normal high-road store in Spain anticipates that clients should visit 3 times each year, yet that figure will be up to multiple times for Zara. Also, Zara can offer significantly a greater number of items than comparative organizations. It dispatches around 30,000 model things .yearly contrasted and 10,000 things for its key rivals. Zara is likewise acceptable at the speed. The organization can structure another item and have completed products in its stores in four to five weeks; it can change existing things in as meager as about fourteen days. As I would see it, the key purpose of them is making more recurrent visits. For accomplish this reason, ZARA utilizes two strategies Shortening the item life cycle, â€Å"More model and less quantity.† Shortening the item life cycle implies more noteworthy achievement in meeting purchaser inclinations. In the event that a plan doesn’t sell well inside seven days it is pulled back from shops, further requests are dropped and another structure is sought after. No structure remains on the shop floor for over about a month, which urges Zara fans to make rehash visits. As you most likely are aware, we can ordinarily find that there are just a few bits of each model in Zara’s shops. Furthermore, they won’t renew when its sold out. Like the restricted arrival of stamp increment its worth. It has expanded more enthusiasts of Zara by thusly. The most significant is that Zara can perceive and acclimatize the constant changes in style, quickly planning new models that react to client needs and needs. Zara utilizes its adaptable plan of action to adjust to changes happening during a season, responding to them by getting new items to the stores a brief timeframe. For Zara the keys to worldwide seriousness are the time factor and the capacity to adjust the offer exactly and rapidly to the client wants. I think this is the motivation behind why Zara can be effective by meeting the â€Å"risk of cannibalization†.

Critical shopper Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Basic customer - Article Example The staff at the extravagance store Louis Vuitton assumes so; given the nature of a portion of the product that they have been selling recently. While the previously mentioned harmed merchandise were the objects of accounts, which disappointed clients of Louis Vuitton have shared on the web, there is consistently a second side to the story. This is the reason I made a decision about it important to travel to one of their stores with the eyes of a basic customer. The picture that a store wins is a result of its products, its store, and its administration. The repulsiveness accounts of the costly items ending up being of less fortunate quality than anticipated are downright a disclosure with respect to the significant expense rises to great equation. In any case, I trust in giving the other two factors a careful examination also before making any last decisions. Consequently, I compose this evaluate with a point of view that incorporates a few unique parts of Louis Vuitton. The picture this brand sets in the psyches is one of class, effortlessness, and excellence. It intends to set an exclusive requirement in style, while demonstrating its intrigue to the upper white collar class and the tip top in explicit. Louis Vuitton engineers the environment of its stores to delineate accurately to this picture. The tastefulness with which the store is designed and made conveys a verifiable message of more significant level class. One can guess by the look and feel of the spot that this brand spends a few a huge number of dollars to structure the sense of taste of the dividers and afterward adorn them with effortless plans and retires (Louis Vuitton, 2011). Along these lines, Louis Vuitton prevails with regards to having a store air, which is indistinguishable from the picture they depict of the brand. Something else that the store evidently puts vigorously in is the improvement done all through the store. This incorporates the way the various items the store brings to the table are orchestrated all through the store, and how well their cleanliness and request is kept up. These were all opulent and deliberately kept up, with the goal that the appearance of the store didn't lose its perfect and all around kept up engage during any piece of great importance which I spent there. One particularly striking element of the store was the way wherein the decorators have organized the diverse product discounted. A few of the stores that Louis Vuitton has, don't sell garments. They spend significant time in calfskin products, which is the reason their slogan is ‘Epi Leather.’ These merchandise incorporate wallets, sacks and totes, and shoes. Different extras they sell incorporate shades and adornments. Indeed, even the store window shows the products in a dazzling way, which would pull in a shopper to enter the store and examine. This is one part of the store, against which the clients will doubtlessly not have any objections. It fulfills the pictur e of the store because of which such a significant number of individuals visit and purchase from Louis Vuitton. As the vibe of the store passes investigation, we proceed onward to the subsequent factor, which makes up the genuine picture of the store among its clients. The store was well furnished with deals colleagues so the business partner to client proportion never got low. There was maybe a slight egotistical air with regards to how these aides welcomed their clients (Louis Vuitton, 2010), which is reprehensible except if a large portion of their clients have coordinating bombastic miens. They were, in any case, present close by the clients for the duration of the time that the client was perusing, enthusiastically releasing data about the items accessible in stock, just as their area in the tremendous showcase all through the

Selinux

Outlines First Steps with Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux): Hardening the Apache Web Server Blueprints First Steps with Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux): Hardening the Apache Web Server Note Before utilizing this data and the item it underpins, read the data in â€Å"Notices† on page 17. First Edition (August 2009)  © Copyright IBM Corporation 2009. US Government Users Restricted Rights †Use, duplication or divulgence limited by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Substance Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . v First Steps with Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux): Hardening the Apache Web Server . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Scope, necessities, and bolster Security-Enhanced Linux diagram Access control: MAC and DAC SELinux nuts and bolts. . . . . . SELinux and Apache . . . . Introducing and running HTTPD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 5 HTTPD and setting types . . . . . . . . . 5 HTTPD and SELinux Booleans . . . . . . . 8 Configuring HTTPD security utilizing SELinux . . . . 9 Securing Apache (static substance just) . . . . . 9 Hardening CGI contents with SELinux . . . . . 12 Appendix. Related data and downloads . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Trademarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18  © Copyright IBM Corp. 2009 iii iv Blueprints: First Steps with Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux): Hardening the Apache Web Server Introduction This outline gives a short prologue to fundamental Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) orders and ideas, including Boolean factors. What's more, the paper tells you the best way to build the security of the Apache Web server with SELinux by utilizing these ideas. Key instruments and innovations examined in this exhibit incorporate security-upgraded Linux (SELinux), compulsory access control (MAC), getenforce, sestatus, getsebool, and setsebool. Planned audienceThis diagram is expected for Linux framework or system heads who need to b ecome familiar with protecting their frameworks with SELinux. You ought to be comfortable with introducing and designing Linux conveyances, systems, and the Apache Web server. Extension and reason This paper gives an essential review of SELinux, SELinux Boolean factors, and solidifying Apache on Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 5. 3. For more data about arranging RHEL 5. 3, see the documentation provided with your establishment media or the conveyance Web website. For more data about SELinux, see â€Å"Related data and downloads,† on page 15.Software prerequisites This diagram is composed and tried utilizing Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 5. 3. Equipment prerequisites The data contained in this plan is tried on various models of IBM System x and System p equipment. For a rundown of equipment bolstered by RHEL 5. 3, see the documentation provided with your Linux circulation. Creator names Robert Sisk Other supporters Monza Lui Kersten Richter Robb Romans IBM Services Linux off ers adaptability, choices, and serious all out expense of proprietorship with a world class venture working system.Community development incorporates driving edge advances and best practices into Linux. IBM ® is an innovator in the Linux people group with more than 600 engineers in the IBM Linux Technology Center dealing with more than 100 open source extends in the network. IBM underpins Linux on all IBM servers, stockpiling, and middleware, offering the broadest adaptability to coordinate your business needs.  © Copyright IBM Corp. 2009 v For more data about IBM and Linux, go to ibm. com/linux (https://www. ibm. com/linux) IBM Support Questions and remarks in regards to this documentation can be posted on the developerWorks Security Blueprint Community Forum: http://www. bm. com/developerworks/gatherings/discussion. jspa? forumID=1271 The IBM developerWorks ® conversation gatherings let you pose inquiries, share information, thoughts, and sentiments about advancements and pr ogramming methods with different developerWorks clients. Utilize the gathering content at your own hazard. While IBM will endeavor to give an auspicious reaction to all postings, the utilization of this developerWorks discussion doesn't ensure a reaction to each scrutinize that is posted, nor do we approve the appropriate responses or the code that are advertised. Typographic conventionsThe following typographic shows are utilized in this Blueprint: Bold Identifies orders, subroutines, catchphrases, records, structures, catalogs, and different things whose names are predefined by the framework. Likewise distinguishes graphical items, for example, catches, marks, and symbols that the client chooses. Distinguishes parameters whose real names or qualities are to be provided by the client. Recognizes instances of explicit information esteems, instances of content like what you may see showed, instances of parts of program code like what you may compose as a developer, messages from the framework, or data you ought to really type.Italics Monospace Related reference: â€Å"Scope, prerequisites, and support† on page 1 This diagram applies to System xâ ® running Linux and PowerLinux. You can get familiar with the frameworks to which this data applies. vi Blueprints: First Steps with Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux): Hardening the Apache Web Server First Steps with Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux): Hardening the Apache Web Server Scope, necessities, and bolster This outline applies to System x running Linux and PowerLinux. You can study the frameworks to which this data applies.Systems to which this data applies System x running Linux and PowerLinux Security-Enhanced Linux outline Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) is a segment of the Linux working framework grew essentially by the United States National Security Agency. SELinux gives a technique to creation and implementation of required access control (MAC) strategies. These arrangements bind clients and pro cedures to the negligible measure of benefit required to perform appointed errands. For more data about the historical backdrop of SELinux, see http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Selinux.Since its discharge to the open source network in December 2000, the SELinux venture has picked up upgrades, for example, predefined Boolean factors that make it simpler to utilize. This paper encourages you see how to utilize these factors to arrange SELinux approaches on your framework and to make sure about the Apache httpd daemon. Related reference: â€Å"Scope, prerequisites, and support† This diagram applies to System x running Linux and PowerLinux. You can become familiar with the frameworks to which this data applies. Access control: MAC and DAC Access level is essential to PC framework security.To bargain a framework, assailants attempt to increase any conceivable degree of access and afterward attempt to heighten that level until they can get limited information or make unappro ved framework alterations. Since every client has some degree of framework get to, each client account on your framework builds the potential for misuse. Framework security has truly depended on confiding in clients not to mishandle their entrance, however this trust has demonstrated to be tricky. Today, server union prompts more clients per framework. Re-appropriating of Systems Management gives authentic access, frequently at the framework overseer level, to obscure users.Because server combination and redistributing can be monetarily beneficial, what would you be able to do to forestall maltreatment on Linux frameworks? To start to respond to that question, we should investigate optional access control (DAC) and obligatory access control (MAC) and their disparities. Optional access control (DAC), generally known as record consents, is the prevalent access control instrument in customary UNIX and Linux frameworks. You may perceive the drwxr-xr-x or the ugo shortened forms for prop rietor, gathering, and different authorizations found in a catalog posting. In DAC, for the most part the asset proprietor (a client) controls who approaches a resource.For comfort, a few clients usually set hazardous DAC record consents that permit each client on the framework to peruse, compose, and execute numerous documents that they own. Likewise, a procedure began by a client can adjust or erase any document to which the client approaches. Procedures that hoist their benefits sufficiently high could in this manner change or erase framework documents. These occurrences are a portion of the burdens of DAC.  © Copyright IBM Corp. 2009 1 rather than DAC, compulsory access control (MAC) manages client and procedure access to assets dependent on an authoritative (more elevated level) security policy.This approach is an assortment of decides that determine what kinds of access are permitted on a framework. Framework approach is identified with MAC similarly that firewall rules are identified with firewalls. SELinux is a Linux part execution of an adaptable MAC system called type implementation. In type requirement, a sort identifier is relegated to each client and item. An item can be a document or a procedure. To get to an article, a client must be approved for that item type. These approvals are characterized in a SELinux approach. How about we work through certain models and you will build up a superior comprehension of MAC and how it identifies with SELinux.Related reference: â€Å"Scope, necessities, and support† on page 1 This diagram applies to System x running Linux and PowerLinux. You can get familiar with the frameworks to which this data applies. SELinux nuts and bolts It is a decent practice not to utilize the root client except if essential. Anyway for exhibiting how to utilize SELinux, the root client is utilized in the models in this outline. A portion of the orders demonstrated require root benefits to run them; for instance, running ge tenforce and altering the/and so forth/selinux/config record. Related reference: â€Å"Scope, necessities, and support† on page 1 This plan applies to System x running Linux and PowerLinux.You can become familiar with the frameworks to which this data applies. Run modes You can empower or disa

Article Summary and Reaction Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Article Summary and Reaction Paper - Essay Example All things considered, Parga visited the Karow Chiropractic Center and treated for the wounds (Sacasa, 2014). The treatment cost was settled by Allstate Insurance that added up to $ 19 386.25. Afterward, FBI agents unwound the extortion. Examiners made captures and charges on Ricardo Pargas and Alien Moya. The two of them bore witness to blameworthy. The FBI (2015) perceives protection extortion as among the best difficulties to insurance agencies in the U.S that costs almost $40 billion, every year. The rate at West Palm Beach, Florida included infringement of the Florida Insurance Fraud Statute (Penal Code, Title XLVI, Chapter 817) (The Florida Legislature, 2015). The law traces conditions that include protection misrepresentation. The protection extortion significantly influenced the insurance agency, Allstate Insurance, which needed to pay $ 19 386.25 as remuneration for fake cases. The articles portray the effect of organized mishaps to the insurance agency. Under the law, protection extortion is culpable as given in subsection (11) when rendered the blamed is liable for either having a goal to cause injury, intentionally takes part in the cheat or has thought processes to trick the safety net provider. Charges are likewise relevant when there is proof that the blamed is demonstrated to purposely mask basic data when documen ting the case. Sacasa, A. (2014, September 25). West Palm man imprisoned in arranged car accident ring. Sun Sentinel. Recovered May 2, 2015 from, http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2014-09-25/neighborhood/fl-west-palm-organized accident misrepresentation 20140925_1_staged-crashes-minor-crash-outsider moya The Florida Legislature. (2015). The 2014 Florida Statutes: Florida Insurance Fraud Statute (Penal Code, Title XLVI, Chapter 817). Recovered May 2, 2015 from,

Spring Break!

Spring Break! Its always exciting to get not just a three-day weekend, but an entire week free from classes! Back in high school spring break was in the middle of April, but here its at the end of March. Most other colleges have spring break a week or two earlier, meaning we dont get to see many of our high school friends when we go home. :( But, this is because they start the spring semester weeks before we do because we have IAP. So ha! Well, this entry is a bit premature. Many people are still in class. In fact Im in an Athena cluster right now, supposed to be working on my UROP but instead writing this. By the way, a few weeks ago I got a UROP! I never thought Id be joining the ~85% of the MIT population which eventually does research in a UROP, but surprise surprise. I wont bore you with details, but my group wants to change old power plants into cogeneration plants (those output both power and heat) by channeling the waste heat into heating for surrounding buildings. Yay! Where was I? Oh, spring vacation. I used to go home for spring break, but since I dont really like home that much I decided to stay at my boyfriends home in DE. Hopefully itll get warm enough to walk along the beaches at least! Before then Im trying to clean my room, so that one day I can take pictures and write a post about my awesome room in East Campus for you. :) Happy Spring~~~~! ^_^ Spring Break! At approximately 9.30 pm on Thursday night, Spring Break will begin. I leave for (blank) on Saturday. Anyone want to guess where Im going? Hint #1: Its not the Pappalardo Lab. (although if I were staying at MIT for Spring Break, Id definitely be down there working on 2.007) Hint #2 I have to travel east from Boston to get there. Spring Break! So Im sitting in the airport in Toronto on my way to London where I will be next week for Spring Break as well as Paris. Ill be sure to post photos and entries all this week. If you happen to be in London or Paris or have suggestions as to what to do, let me know! Cheerio!

The Future of Homeland Security Department (DHS) Research - 275 Words

The Future of Homeland Security Department (DHS) (Essay Sample) Content: The Future of Homeland SecurityNameInstitutionIntroductionThe American land is always under threat, terrorists penetrating into the homeland through sea, land and air and it is the duty of the Homeland Security to prevent that. This department of security has several missions and they are all to keep the United States safe and secure. The DHS has its challenges but still strives to do its job. What is it they do and where is this department of security headed in terms of providing safety?DiscussionThe core missions of the Homeland Security Department are not limited to one or two, they are in fact several. First of all the department ever since its creation after the September 11th attacks is to prevent terrorism and enhance security (Doty,2015).DHS goal to counter terrorism has its challenges, as it works towards implementing solutions that work ,the enemies create new ways of getting through to the country and using innocent citizens to perpetrate wrong.Politics wil l always get in the way of curbing terrorism, as the divided views of leaders hinder with easy decision making. The department of Homeland Security has to deal with the changes by trying to be independent in implementing its policies towards becoming an effective security department.Securing and managing the borders effectively cannot work well without cooperation from neighboring countries, thus creating another challenge as the department does its work. Homeland security will only thrive if the laws are enforced and administered in an open clear way, so that there are no loopholes for the Homeland Security while countering terrorism. There is much to be done; the future of Homeland Security is definitely bright as the job they have done over the years is remarkable. With a cooperative government, better immigration policies, controlled and a secure cyberspace building a nation of resilience will be doable (Kemp, 2012).ConclusionAs the Department of homeland security works tireless ly to enhance security and stop terrorism the local, federal, state and private sector need to come in too, to...

Every French Personal Pronoun French Grammar Glossary

I Am A Second Generation Mexican American And The Last Of...

I am a second generation Mexican-American and the last of seven children. My siblings and I were born and raised here in the United States with a mix of Mexican and American values. Our parents migrated to the U.S. at an early age in search of the American dream. Both my mother and father left their families in Mexico to start a better life for themselves and their future children. Our home was like most Latin homes with respeto and familismo as being important child-rearing values. My father and mother instilled upon us to be, first and for most, respectful and obedient not only to them but also with the older adults in our family. Any time we went to a party or gathering of some sort we were always obligated to shake the hand of each adult as a sign of respect. Even now being adults and having our own families our parents still expect us to abide by those values. They believed that it was important that we understood the importance of family and helping each other. We were taught t o help each other and take care of each other first rather than look out for ourselves. When the oldest siblings were able to have jobs they helped my parents with bills at home. My parents never forced them to help but because they always helped us when we were in need my siblings and I always felt like it was our duty to return the good that our parents had done for us. No one complained and no one ever denied my parents when they needed something. To this day my oldest siblings will stillShow MoreRelatedLatino/Hispanic Americans Essay2557 Words   |  11 PagesLatino/Hispanic Americans cover a much wider demographic then believed. Latino/Hispanic Americans consist of; Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Guatemalan American to name a few. Latino/Hispanic Americans are the largest ethnic group in the United States. The Latino/Hispanic culture is very different than ours. Their culture differs in economics, politics, family traditions, family structure, religion, education, language, fashion, art, music, dancing, and food. As natural born Americans in the UnitedRead Mor e Bless Me, Ultima: The Cultural Distress Of A Young Society Essay example3164 Words   |  13 Pagesthat I did, I found a number of scholars who, while defining the border, mention all the specific or special characteristics of this new emerging society, but who also very few times defined it as such. In the book that I researched, Bless Me Ultima, by Rudolfo A. Anaya, we find many of those characteristics. There is already much work on this piece of literature, therefore, I decided to present my research and study in two ways. 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I have shared many of my first experiences with Apple and I am your loyal customer, and I, Ana Plascencia, am truly honored to be given the opportunity to address you (the men and women) who have contributed to the success of the Apple and who have contributedRead MoreWe Must Obey Our Elders17194 Words   |  69 PagesLove; and therefore, it is Difficult for most People to Obey God: beCause they have not even Met him, let alone Learn whatever he Asks of them.† A Proverb of the Peacock â€Å"O my Daughter, if you do not Respect and even Love your Creator, it Means that I have Failed to Teach to you the Truth about him, in Order that you might get to Know him.† Another Proverb of the Peacock Copyright, Dedication, and Introduction By The Professor Wordcraft from The Universal College of Superior Knowledge Read MoreAll About Dr. Jose Rizal4524 Words   |  19 PagesNational hero Introduction: Rizal has always been considered as a national hero created in part by the American government in the past. 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I am also in debt for his valuable time in scrutinizing through this study, which could have never been accomplished without his excellence advice. I would like to thank all the students that took part in collecting valuable data towards this research. I am thankful to Thada Pongsawang for his recommendationsRead MoreLiterature Review of Training and Development of Marcantile Bank Bangladesh 5 Article14514 Words   |  59 PagesResources: A Study on Urmi Garments Ltd.† is presented for your kind appraisal. I was assigned to Urmi Garments Ltd. by the Assistant Manager of Urmi Garments Ltd. and was approved by you as my thesis during 45 days internship program. In every sphere of my report, I tried my best to make a good combination of my learning from the last semester of MBA program. I also tried to match my theoretical knowledge. In this dissertation I tried to be as descriptive as possible for convenience to the readers, sill

Physics Lab Report Features

Physics Lab Report Features The Little-Known Secrets to Physics Lab Report There are numerous science fair experiments depending on the above concepts. In the end, others should be able to verify your findings, which means that your experiment has to be reproducible, to the extent which other researchers can stick to the exact procedure and receive the same (or similar) results. Academic papers can't contain any signals of plagiarism. Students should have the ability to differentiate between the 3 varieties of cellular respiration. There's no lab-room assignment to a particular lab program. It is possible to also incorporate your physics ideas for improving on the experiment. So once you write your Methods section, bear in mind that you have to describe your experiment well enough to allow other people to replicate it exactly. Meanwhile, one of the greatest approaches to have a sense for those differences between lab reports and scientific papers is to read some! The Basic Facts of Physics Lab Report The objective of an abstract is to permit the reader to judge whether it would serve her or his purposes to read the full report. Abstract is the very first section of a lab file, you might want to write it last. The abstract is the very first portion of your report your readers will see, but nevertheless, it ought to be the previous thing lab actually write because it's an overview of everything else you've included in your report. An Abstract, which summarizes the main points of the paper within a paragraph, might also be included before the introduction. Physics objective part of your report ought to be a couple of sentences that describe the aim of your experiment. Lab reports, in the same way as any other writing, have their own format and fashion. Measurement can help you answer the question you posed in the goal section. You might rather not pay research paper helpers and attempt to locate completely free samples to use. The date once the paper was submitted. A comprehensive paper is broken up into sections. Creating and drafting a scientific paper isn't easy in any respect. There aren't any extra instructions given. The Lab Notebook is turned into the instructor for grading at finishing the lab-report. Two missed labs will cause a failing grade. Students need to be able to name and establish the internal elements of the mitochondria. Top Physics Lab Report Choices Lab reports are made to offer information to the scientific community. In order to supply a crystal clear and concise set of information, a particular system of units is used across all sciences. If you don't find what you're looking for here, let us know and we're going to find the information up as soon as possible. Check with your teacher to find out precisely what information ought to be included. To get you started, here are a few things that teachers want to find in good Science projects. For some of them you will require help, while others you'll be able to write all on your own. Teachers are searching for science projects which are wholeheartedly done. The most frequently encountered paper writing service that the vast majority of our clients require is essay writing. Now you can get genuine college essay online, one that is going to fit your financial plan and get your work done also. If it's the first time you're likely to use our article writing service, you most likely have a lot of questions. The actual individuals highly praise our essay help site. Writing is a present that comes naturally. So far as the students are involved, writing a research paper is among the toughest and frustrating endeavor in their opinion. Year American college students utilize a current scientific journal article for a model to develop. There's available tons of distinct kinds of essays, and they are usually categorised by their topic info and facts and architectural developing. You've got to compose several academic papers over the duration of a year. The past three chapters are especially beneficial. The Physics Lab Report Chronicles After the centrifuge is completed, remove supernatants employing the pipette. You will also have to gauge the hanger weight and the individual weights to determine for several arrangements. Data Our very first experiment was supposed to collect data to be able to model the motion of the vehicle. Put your item of card flat behind the pendulum and you're all set.

Normality and Human Behavior - 1674 Words

The concept of being â€Å"normal† is one that is often spoken about being the front of conversation, spoken with much defence and controversy. In contrast, this topic is spoken about with great â€Å"hush† because it is seen as a taboo in society; due to the sensitive issue of an individuals expected behaviour. On the other hand, the topic of â€Å"abnormal† is often given a similar light to the idea of being â€Å"normal†. Many psychologist have tried to explain one of these labels often using the starting point of normality, then any behaviour that deviates away from this is seen as abnormal. However, as many psychologist and theorists have found there is much more complexity behind each label, this is due to diversity of people, cultural relativism and mixed societies within the world all trying to define their own concept of what is â€Å"normal† and â€Å"abnormal† human behaviour. It is very difficult to begin to draw a solid line from where normality begins and finishes becoming abnormal. Through-out time there have been many explanations that try to established a genderalisable definition for abnormal behaviour. One of which is deviation from social norms, under this explanation behaviour is classed as abnormal if it deviates away from the unwritten customary rules of society that a coà ¶rdinate our behaviour within a particular society or culture Young, H (2007). Social norms are hugely context dependent and vary heavily through difference cultures and religion. The changing of timesShow MoreRelatedSexual Sexuality And Sexual Practices933 Words   |  4 Pagestowards sexuality we can learn more about how humans tick. RUBIN’S RESEARCH Rubin’s prior research on the normality of certain sexual practices were the basis of this study. Rubin developed a sexual hierarchy where at the top were â€Å"good/normal† practices emphasizing monogamy and heterosexuality. While at the bottom were the â€Å"bad/abnormal† practices involving homosexuality, fetishism etc. Their research also looked at the heavy social influence on human sexuality. Rubin grouped western nations intoRead MoreExamine the Concepts of Normality and Abnormality1419 Words   |  6 PagesExamine the concepts of normality and abnormality (22mks) Abnormality may be defined as behavior that causes distress, loss of freedom, physical or emotional pain, and increased risk of death or injury to self or something that causes a disability of some sort. Abnormal behaviour is however difficult to diagnose because it is, to a large extent, based on the symptoms people exhibit. Psychiatrists and psychologists use a standardized system called a diagnostic manual to help them but this systemRead MoreExamine the Concepts of Normality and Abnormality1419 Words   |  6 PagesExamine the concepts of normality and abnormality (22mks) Abnormality may be defined as behavior that causes distress, loss of freedom, physical or emotional pain, and increased risk of death or injury to self or something that causes a disability of some sort. Abnormal behaviour is however difficult to diagnose because it is, to a large extent, based on the symptoms people exhibit. Psychiatrists and psychologists use a standardized system called a diagnostic manual to help them but this systemRead MorePersonal Space Behavior : What Drives The Most Basic Daily Actions?1023 Words   |  5 PagesSocial normalities shape our society by unknowingly influencing our every decision. â€Å"A norm is defined as a commonly held standard of behavior that has an effect on individuals† (Maloney, August 25, 2015). When we examine this further we can use social imagination to identify what drives the most basic daily actions. An example of this is the concept of personal space. This notion of individual space can differ greatly from on sett ing to another, and I can attest that Texas Tech students appreciateRead MorePersuasive Essay : Mental Illness Stigma1439 Words   |  6 PagesIntolerances: Persuasive Essay Miah Nielsen Mental Illness Stigma The growing population extends in diversity by the second around the world, for there is not a single human being identical to another. In terms of personality, looks, and interests, each individual creates a unique addition to our own developed society. Tolerance towards indifferences to the percent of population containing a mental illness needs to be expanded. Society needs to expose the reality of the multiplicity of individualsRead MoreThe Effects of Larry Browns Facing the Music on the Mind of the Reader741 Words   |  3 Pagesnarration, the kind of yes and no, love and no love, attraction and no attraction, appeal and no appeal. The writer compels the readers to think twice before making a judgment about the behavior of characters. Here it seems that twice is also too less. While at one side Brown asserts through the patterned behavior of his characters that there is nothing in this world that is not sex oriented, yet there is a feeling that love is beyond the sexual urges of both men and women. If brown is confused, heRead MoreWhy We Crave Horror Stephen King Analysis1040 Words   |  5 Pagesthing-- the characteristics, events, and situations that humans all share-- the ingredients of what makes things such as emotions and ambitions exist; otherwise known as the human condition. Based on these two notions, it is safe to say that in the article â€Å"Why We Crave Horror,† Stephen King is correct in claiming that humans crave horror to display some sort of bravery, to reassure feelings of normality, and to simply have a good time. Humans have this bizarre characteristic that urges them to faceRead MoreIntelligent Clinicians Guide To The Dsm-5 Essay828 Words   |  4 Pagesrequisite biological markers to obtain validity in science. Therefore, a psychiatric diagnosis should not be considered real in the same way as described for a medical disease. The consequence of labeling people with a normal spectrum of thoughts, behaviors, and emotions as mentally ill, could lead to stigmatizing and unnecessary treatment. Curiously, what is normal, and who decides that criteria?! Paris begins by taking the reader on a brief journey through the history of psychiatric diagnoses andRead MoreThe Aspen Education Group1185 Words   |  5 Pagesinvolved in sexual behavior. It was also reported from this organization that high school youth were reported to have been sexually active at a percentage of 66.4%. This is alarming and reflects the fact that teenagers are sexual active at extremely high rates. The public have been made known to the fact by government sponsored initiatives that sexual activity amongst youth has steadily increased over the past thirty years. Teenagers have an intense interest in sexually behavior because of the increaseRead MoreAmerican Popular Culture : Sexual Abuse1180 Words   |  5 Pagesare manipulating the human desires to make their products sell. It’s products that sell, are products that can capture anyone’s attention. One of the most helpful approaches is sex of course, which can capture anyone’s attention. The downside of using sexual imagery in advertisements is that it is generally going to come across sexism. In American popular culture, advertisers continue to grab our attention to their brand through sexual abuse; making it seem like a normality in our society. Advertisers

Sample Answer Ccts by Miss Emy Jong Free Essays

National level public examinations such as the Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) and Sijil Pelajaran Tinggi Malaysia (STPM) have always generated a lot of interest among the general public as they are essential for entrance into universities and also to enter into the work market. In the recent few years, attention has been drawn to the phenomenon of students getting up to 20 As in the SPM examinations and this has been a source of contention especially with regards to scholarship allocation and university placements. The government then has been mulling a decision to set a limit on the maximum number of subjects a candidate may sit for as a way to simplify the selection process into tertiary studies. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Answer Ccts by Miss Emy Jong or any similar topic only for you Order Now The writer of this article, Dr. I. Lourdesamy of the Pacific Institute Technology in Petaling Jaya offers his views on this development and the article is aptly titled â€Å"SPM Subjects: Let students make the choice. Basically, the writer is of the opinion that setting a cap on the number of subjects a student may sit for does not address the real issue of suitable selection criteria into tertiary education, and he goes on to suggest how we may best tackle the issue by giving his recommendations as well as what he feels the goal of education should be. The writer proposes that we should not limit the number of subjects SPM students can sit for, and instead students can be evaluated on the basis of their performance in subjects directly related to the proposed field of study. He is disagreeable to limiting students’ opportunity to learn, and feels that the students should be allowed to decide on their own goals based on their capacity and aptitude. He also suggests that schools offer a range of elective subjects to cater to different student interests. Furthermore, the writer opines that most students have too much free time and actually should be encouraged to do more. Finally, the writer addresses the primary objective of education – to provide opportunity for its students to maximize their learning potential. Personally, I find the writer’s argument of not limiting the number of subjects for SPM students to be reasonable and logical. As he said earlier, if the concern is the assessment process for scholarships and places in universities then what we need is a clear and comprehensive guideline on the selection criteria for the various disciplines in tertiary education. Actually, the practice of taking into account only subjects which are directly relevant to the proposed field of study has long been practiced and limiting the number of subjects would not help in any way to determine which students are more deserving of university placements or scholarships. What students need to be made aware of is that they need to prepare for their desired field of study by taking relevant subjects which would be necessary in the selection process. The author’s arguments on allowing students to decide on their own goals based on their capacity and aptitude, besides having schools offering elective subjects are indeed good suggestions. Having gone through the path of being a student myself, I strongly feel that if students are given more say in what they are studying, it will make them more motivated and keen to learn. They can also be challenged appropriately, and the scenario of having students being bored (because the syllabus is too easy or uninteresting) or not being able to follow lessons (because they are too weak) will be greatly reduced. However, the implementation of such suggestions may be very difficult as a lot of resources will need to be made available to schools and students. We would have to first have a large enough pool of competent teachers to teach students these various subjects at all levels of difficulty, and sorting out the logistics such as allocation of classrooms and time-tabling could also prove very challenging. Students’ use of their free time was also one of the points raised in the article. The author obviously feels that students could be more productive and that they do not have much to do. While there may be some truth to his argument, I think that it is not fair to generalize and say that all students are too free and should be asked to do more. How much time a student actually spends on his studies and other worthwhile activities differs greatly from one student to another. It really depends on the individual’s motivation and goals. Some students who are already pushing themselves very hard should actually be taught to relax and have more balance in their life. Therefore, this argument shows the author’s bias towards students nowadays and he should give more careful thought to this before making such conclusions. How to cite Sample Answer Ccts by Miss Emy Jong, Papers

Coniferous vs Deciduous Forest free essay sample

The deciduous forest occupies most of the eastern part of the United States and partially in southern Ontario. These areas are northwest of Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, North Carolina, West Virginia, Maryland, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. Vegetation These forests have been led to recognition of the eight major forests that is within the biome that is dominated by different species or associated with the species. These species are called mixed mesophytic, Appalachian Oak, Hemlock-white pine-northern hardwoods, oak hickory, maple-basswood, beech-maple, oak-pine, white oak, and southern pine.Mixed mesophytic forest region is one of the oldest regions of the biome and it’s the most complex and most highly developed. They are located west of the Appalachian Mountains on the southeastern part of the United States. Almost all type of their species are found in this region and is thought to be the center of spreading from one forest to another. Even though these areas are quite enormous and have over 30 different types of species, the area have only two or three species that dominate the center of the ecosystem depending on the climate. We will write a custom essay sample on Coniferous vs Deciduous Forest or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The White Birch trees can grow to a height of 80 feet and can live for over 140 years. Their bark is white and is easily peeled, and is also known as catkins. They grow quite fast after a fire or when other trees were cut down around it. But it doesn’t compare to the white oak. This is the largest tree, as it can range from 80 to 100 feet and in diameter it can be between 3 to four feet. They are also one of the oldest trees as they can live from 500 to 600 years old. Its roots can stretch as far as 80 feet. Animal species inhabitants Birds The deciduous forest provides a wide variety of birds species.There are many kinds of species that have micro-habitats in this type of biome. Like the woodpeckers creates shelters of dead trees, and turkeys forage the ground looking for food and seeds and rest on the lower branches of the trees. It also provide shelter to many songbirds, hawks, and owls as well. Reptiles There are many reptile species that have lived and adapted in this kind of ambient in the forest. There are different species of toad, frogs, snakes, and tortoises, as well as Salamanders. They all occupy the humid forest floor where they prey on the easy invertebrate like the slugs and earth worms.Snakes like the black rat snake or copperhead prey on small birds and mammals. Mammals American bald eagles live in this type of biome. They create their large nest in these large trees that is usually near the water, and raises up to two siblings. They nest near water so they could be near the fish and migrate to areas that are similar. The American Black Bear and can run up to 25 miles an hour. They diet consist of 85% of vegetation, which includes honey and breach bee hives with the bees included. Hey are usually found in a forest with a lot of ground vegetation, with fruits and nuts.Insects Beetles make up 40% of the world’s insect population. They live in the deciduous forest for shelter and hibernation for the winter. They use the leaves to lay their eggs as the leaves provide food for them as well. The species found in these biome are the Mexican bean beetle, the Asian long horned beetle, and the ladybug beetle. Butterflies and moths are also part of the ecosystem. They pollinate flowers that are inside the forest and migrate to avoid the frigid winters. Also ants live in these areas, like the north American and European Ant.They both are part of the fire ant colonies and they catch insects on both the ground and trees. The weaver ant and leafcutter ant live in this biome and the flower seeds provide food for these ants. Climate Precipitation The regular recorded temperature of the deciduous forest is 50 degrees while the precipitation is nearly 30 to 60 inches of rain each year, an estimated 14 inches is from the winter, and 18 inches in the summer. The humidity level is usually 60 percent or higher. This is the perfect condition for many animals and plant species to thrive throughout the year. CyclesJust like everywhere else, it still has the typical seasons. It has winter, spring, fall, and autumn. While obviously the spring is the best time of the year for all the animals to roam the forest, and during the summers the temperature are not as high as in the city, with the average temperature of 70 percent. Although during the winter the temperature drops below zero, and its due to its location that they are not as livable during the other cycles. Coniferous (Taiga) Forest General Classification of Coniferous These biomes are made up of mostly cone-bearing, needle-like trees, like spruces, hemlocks, pines and firs.They are able to survive the cold temperature because they are softwood trees that are able to maintain their moisture stored inside throughout the year as they are on the northern border of the tundra as well. Regions They are located in the areas of North America from Pacific to the Atlantic, and also across northern Europe, to Japan. It covers the great majority of the northern hemisphere. Although it doesn’t extend to the south because of the temperature, humidity conditions, and especially vegetation. Growth The biggest trees are the redwood, cedar, and cypresses. They can grow up to 65 feet tall and are usually shaped like a pyramid. They have very flexible branches that grow close to each other and when the snow falls on their hard leaves, they simply slide off. Vegetation There are two types of wood that inhabit this biome, the boreal wood and the mountain wood. As the trees shed their leaves, the floor transforms into a spongy mat. Their leaves are covered with a chemical called resin, which is what helps them prevent freezing. Although this does not prevent them from a fire, but this is necessary when the pine’s node needs to germinate its pine seeds. The lower branches also help with the fern, flowers, and even fungus, like the cauliflower or rosy russula.Animal Species Inhabitants Birds Most of the birds that reside in these biomes have specialized peckers for breaking nuts and seeds, like the woodpecker. There are also the predator birds, like the ferruginous, or cooper hawk. There’s even songbirds like the Vireo species and the Pigmy, which uses the forest for nesting, food, and breeding. The birds seek food depending on what part they are in the forest, and their diet consists of insect, seeds, fruit, pinecones, small mammals, and worms. Mammals The mammals that made their home in this area need to endure icy, freezing condition with their very short summers.But most of them are able to adapt to this coldness by hibernating during the colder months of the frozen wasteland, while others migrate south. These animals are the Marmot, lynx, moose, wolverine, the Siberian tiger, grizzly and brown bear, rabbits, the grey wolf, weasel, and the American squirrel. Climate Precipitation The temperature in this type of forest ranges between negative 40 F to a cool 68 degrees. There is a 36-79 inches of rain each year in this winter land. The majority of this rain is accumulation is from the melting snow throughout the year. The precipitation depends on the location of the forest.

The advertising of Pfizer

Underlying message The message of the advertising is that Pfizer is a company that cares for its consumers. It is committed to their overall well being and does not just limit itself to the medication it sells. The company probably offers solid customer care as well other services that show how holistic it is (Pfizer (b) 12).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The advertising of Pfizer specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Different cultures would interpret the message differently. Certain people would object to graffiti painting on public property. Others would not associate creeping around with the beautiful image on the wall if their culture has no spray painters. Some viewers might object to the sentimentality of the piece. They might feel that it is exploiting human feelings. The most effective SCR for the advertisement is American culture. A person from this community would be familiar with spray painting, caring f or the ill and doing something special for them. They would also deduce that Pfizer is compassionate. Products The organization sells a range of medicine for HIV, diabetes, erectile dysfunction, arthritis, bipolar disorder and other medical conditions. It is difficult to decode what the company sells from the advertisement because it seems disconnected from the message. In the advert, the company emphasises that sometimes it takes more than medication to care for someone. One would thus deduce that it sells something in that field. Unless one is already familiar with the brand name, one would presume that Pfizer offers medical services, palliative care or other aspects of medication that have nothing to do with their products (Pfizer (a) 12). Pfizer sells consumer products that are mostly prescription-based. These medicines are tangible and portable. Some of them are perishable while others are not. They deal with complicated conditions as well as embarrassing ones like erectile pro blems. While doctors prescribe those medications, sometimes consumers may request for them. Overall, the company should have placed greater emphasis on their core products rather than patient care, which is an implied service that they might not even offer.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Country markets The most plausible country markets for these products are western countries like the UK, France and the United States. Western countries have a lot of experience with graffiti painting and some of them would appreciate the spontaneous nature of the art. They are also expressive people who would appreciate the message. Conservative nations like Iraq and Saudi Arabia would not resonate with the message. These nations have a respect for authority and would shun adverts that endorse countercultures. Furthermore, a poor country like Bangladesh or Mali would not even know what graffiti pa inting is. Therefore, some would presume that the protagonist is stealing something. Their level of economic development would not allow for such an indirect message (Cateora Graham 9). International integrated marketing campaign If the company wants to relate to all its key markets, it needs to include a series of posters that have a picture of the ailing child in the advertising taking its products. It also needs to work on the advertisement itself by incorporating its key products in the company. Instead of using graffiti painting, it could change the piece to another act of kindness. The firm needs to use internet advertising to make the work relatable. Additional factors One should consider the exposure of various target markets to the company name. Mostly American consumers know about Pfizer; therefore, the company needs to make its brand name more implicit. Messages that focus on urgent situations are more effective than sentimental ones for diverse audiences. The campaign s hould replace internet advertising with radio and television promotions in countries with a low development index. Works Cited Cateora, Phillip John Graham. International marketing. NY: McGraw-Hill, 2004. Print. Pfizer (a). Home page. 2013. Web. https://www.pfizer.com/ Pfizer (b). Pfizer graffiti ad. 2008. Web. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6fSETphe4AAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on The advertising of Pfizer specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on The advertising of Pfizer was written and submitted by user Sebastian Berg to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Terrorist Essay Topics

Terrorist Essay TopicsYou can find hundreds of terrorism essay topics on the Internet. You will find various fields such as criminal justice, foreign affairs, constitutional law, psychology, political science, law, and economics. There are even questions that allow you to compose your own terrorism essay.Nevertheless, you should be careful in choosing the terrorism essay topics that you have to write about. The following is a quick guide on how to determine what types of topics you should be writing about in your essay.First, terrorism essay topics should be within the academic discipline. If your topic pertains to terrorism, then you have a chance of being accepted into graduate school. If it's an essay for the first grade, then there are no special considerations for the topic. You may have a greater chance of being accepted if your topic pertains to a certain topic that is on the curriculum.Second, there are certain specific terrorism essay topics that you must write about. Most o f these areas pertain to either political or social issues. These topics may include the following:Crime Scene Investigations. This is an area that involves the analysis of crime scenes. It covers many areas such as forensics, human behavior, and forensic anthropology. It also includes some areas of specialization such as toxicology, criminality, and forensic pathology.Terrorism Essay Topics on Foreign Policy. The foreign policy essay is quite wide. You can write about any topic, such as:U.S. Foreign Policy. The topics to write about include American foreign policy, regional and global politics, and military power. The biggest and most important section to include would be the analysis of the global political, economic, and social systems.In conclusion, terrorism essay topics should be within the academic field. You must be able to describe the terrorist act and how it impacts the society in order to be considered for admission into graduate school. The only other qualification woul d be for the topic to be within a certain specialization, which is to be on the curriculum.

How to Survive College Essay Example

How to Survive College Essay Example How to Survive College Essay How to Survive College Essay Success College may be intimidating if an incoming student is not given desirable preparation. One of the major misconceptions when entering college is that many students believe it will be Just like high school, which it is not. Also, students need to learn as freshmen the study habits which work best for them. The campus provides substantial resources that the student should take advantage of, but are usually unaware of these services when entering college. Sometimes stress can lead to unhealthy habits which result in even more stress and it becomes a revolving cycle. It is essential for students to learn how to manage their stress. Sometimes orientation and campus tours do not provide enough preparation in order for incoming students to succeed. In order to aid in students college success, I have created a handbook. I have included detailed components in this handbook and have identified key activities and behaviors which will lead the students to success. There are many ways I plan on distributing my handbook, including during campus tours, during freshman orientation, and in freshman classes such as University 100 and introductory Composition courses. Students will be required to read this handbook and will then be tested. Eventually, this group of students will be asked to elaborate how they felt about its effectiveness. The issue of freshman success is highly significant because without a positive and constructive first year, students may feel discouraged and hopeless to any future taking advantage of what college has to offer, a student may find it difficult to adapt to all challenges in the future. It is essential not only to a students academic future, but personal future, that the first year in college is an enjoyable and constructive one. This handbook will provide significant tips and tricks freshmen can consider during their first semester as an undergraduate. Literature Review I have investigated different factors that assist in determining an incoming freshmans overall success in college. Many of these factors are focused on their success academically, but I will also discuss techniques they can use in their personal life. The students transition from high school to college should become smoother after applying the following theories and concepts to their life. Goal-setting Theory Throughout life, goals are essential to achieving anything but in college they come even more substantial. By applying the goal-setting theory to ones academic endeavor, a student becomes more likely to succeed at their highest potential. The goal-setting theory is the discovery that by implementing higher goals, it will guide a person to achieve a greater accomplishment (Phillips Gully, 1997). With college being so stressful, incoming freshmen need to learn the importance of setting goals in order to succeed. Self-Worth Theory of Motivation In addition to goal-setting, creating intrinsic motivation is beneficial. The self- worth theory of motivation declares that ability is directly related to self-worth. This relation is that when uncertainty is present in a students capability to perform, they become uncertain of their self-worth (Martin, Marsh, Williamson, Debus, 2003). When students become intrinsically motivated, versus extrinsically, their self-worth increases which eventually results in higher performance. Self-Efficacy Self-efficacy goes hand in hand with goal-setting and motivation. Phillips Gully (1997) agreed that self-efficacy indicates a students self-identified ability and their personal role of motivation as the students purpose of accomplishing various tasks. This concept directly relates to incoming freshmen because self-efficacy influences their goal-setting options. It has been found that as self-efficacy increases with greater ambitions, the students accomplishments increase as well (Phillips Gully, 1997). Student Engagement Lastly, student engagement is a huge component for ensuring student success. Student engagement is noted as the students commitment to their academic involvement measured by the amount of drive the student dedicates to becoming engaged. While in college, these experiences may be physical or psychological and may not be the same for everyone. Some students may commit more time and energy than others, while other students may choose to spend their energy in different aspects of the academic experience. Student engagement involves: participating in all the opportunities that college has to offer, communicating with professors and staff, Joining various extracurricular clubs or organizations while interacting with peers Ounce, 2012). A few studies have found a correlation between goal-setting and self-efficacy. Phillips Gully (1997) hypothesized that the greater an individual sets their goal, the higher their performance will be after maintaining factors such as self-efficacy. They and performance. This particular study focused on two types of goals: educational goals and performance goals. Educational goals significantly influenced self-efficacy, while performance goals did not. Overall, this study concluded that self-efficacy produced greater self-set goals and created greater performance (Phillips Gully, 1997). Another study that was conducted was related motivation with procrastination. Martin et al. (2003) interviewed incoming freshmen which were identified in either the high or low range for self-handicapping and defensive pessimism. The main hinges the researchers looked at were the students motivation and behaviors behind the acts and feelings they partook in. They investigated deeper into these students personal insights. They found that students who were in the low-range for self- handicapping were more motivated and hardworking while studying. It was noticed that even though the students in the low-range for self-handicapping were conscious of various distractions, they were unaware of the consequences of the various distractions. Overall, when students were highly motivated, they procrastinated less (Martin et al. 2003). Procrastination has been noted to be a process which the mind can use to redirect a persons attention from doing important tasks to believing the next day would better. This concept can be thought of as a form of perfectionism, where students would rather be told they did not try than they were not able to complete the task (Marina, 2006). Self-worth relates to many factors in a students li fe such as procrastination, making friends, and even going to a counselor if needed. When the students ability becomes doubted, so does their self-worth. Hopefully, by making this issue recognizable from the beginning of their higher education, it will reverent them from going further into self-handicapping and defensive pessimism. Junco (2012) did a study to find correlations between Faceable usage and overall GAP. It was found that the frequency of Faceable usage and overall GAP were significantly correlated. As the students Faceable usage increased, their overall GAP would begin to decline. But, Faceable usage was not strongly correlated with the amount of time the student took to prepare for class. Another important result to note is that sharing information on Faceable was highly predictive to the outcome and socializing on Faceable was not significantly predictive Ounce, 2012). Another study was done involving Faceable and the transition into college. Many students stated they loved how convenient it was to connect and interact with people on Faceable. Incoming freshmen also enjoyed Beckoning their future roommates well in advance before moving into housing. Students also felt Faceable was useful in order to connect with their peers from various clubs and organizations. The majority of students felt that Faceable created a sense of community when transitioning to college (Stephenson-Abet Holman, 2012). Even though social media can encourage procrastination, it can help students become more engaged. Twenty years ago, someone may have written a How to Succeed in College handbook and it may have consisted of many of the same factors I am including like, how to study, using resources, and finding intrinsic motivation. But, there is a major factor that was not present back then, social media. Social media has added a whole spin on things in todays society, making it more difficult to be intrinsically motivated and achieving a I have created a How to Succeed in College handbook which will be distributed during campus tours, freshman orientation, and in classes such as University 100 and introductory Composition courses. The distribution of handbooks during campus tours and freshman orientation is mainly to ensure that all incoming students have received it. But, the purpose of distributing the handbooks in introductory courses is to assign this material as a required reading. These handbooks will always be available in many offices on campus, including academic advising, learning resource center, and the university writing center. In addition, they will be available for download in a PDF file on the schools website. University 100 is a class focused on college success, so this handbook would support the curriculum. This class will require students to read over the handbook and rate themselves at the beginning of the semester in specific areas such as preparedness, confidence in success, and work ethic. This same survey will be distributed at the end of the semester so students can compare their scores. Throughout the semester, the student will have one-on-one meetings with their professor to ensure their success. The introductory composition courses are meant to support incoming freshmen in the adventure of improving their composition skills. This course helps facilitate a new approach to the students hinging and writing development. One main goal of the introductory composition classes is to acknowledge the vast differences between high school and college. By using this handbook for writing assignments, it ensures that the students will read it. In addition, it will support freshmen throughout their first year undertakings. The following are significant factors incoming freshmen should consider applying to their college experience. It is useful to apply these strategies to a persons life, academically or socially, in order to become highly motivated and will achieve greater success. By setting realistic goals, becoming intrinsically motivated, having high self- efficacy, and engaging in student affairs, a person will ultimately prepare themselves for success. Realize That College is Different than High School In college, expectations are much higher for everything: exams, reading, essays, participation, and attendance. A way to ensure that students achieve their highest potential in college is by setting attainable goals. If a student receives a C on the first exam, it would be beneficial to set a goal to achieve an A or B on the next exam. As a detent, it is crucial to create a will and develop a drive to do well. By becoming intrinsically motivated, students challenge and empower themselves to accomplish tasks without needing an extrinsic force. As opposed to high school, there is no parental push to make students attend class. With all the separate factors that are different from high school, students may find it difficult to transition into this new way of life. Find Which Study Habit Works Best Students need to learn the concepts of how to study. Also, students need to realize that what study habit works for their friend, may not be the best for their individual personality. There are different types of learners and it is important for a student to fugue out how they learn: visually, auditory, synthetically. Some study strategies include creating outlines, taking notes, highlighting important sources, and creating flash cards. A students self-efficacy may become greater after developing study strategies. Once a student becomes competent in studying, their perception of Campus Provides Students pay various fees with tuition and never utilize those services so their money is essentially wasted. Different resources include the learning resource enter, the university writing center, academic advising, and the health center. These various organizations are created to help students set short-term and long-term goals. The learning resource center and university writing center can assist in setting and accomplishing various academic goals. Academic advising is very useful when creating goals in a students personal and academic life, while providing a structured plan for their future. The health center provides basic health care, as well as counseling services that students should take advantage of. Seeking out counseling revise has been given a stigma which students should not be ashamed of. The counseling center can help students set goals, become motivated, and increase their self-efficacy. Choose a Healthy and Sane Lifestyle One way to create a positive lifestyle is to make friends in class and in the dorms. Student engagement is very prominent in a students first year in college. Also, exercise not only does the body good, but the mind as well. Staying active helps maintain motivation and promotes a higher self-efficacy. A student should know that it is perfectly acceptable to have some them time. Finally, as hard as it may seem, do not fall into the trap of procrastination. A student can avoid procrastination by setting goals, becoming intrinsically motivated, and engaging in different aspects of student life. Evaluation There are various different methods I can use to conclude how successful my handbook was or was not. Some of these methods include conducting campus-wide surveys, creating focus groups, and producing an app for the Phone. The surveys would include questions about how useful they felt this handbook was, any suggestions they would like to add, and how to better improve the handbook. By conducting these surveys, it may provide me with input for possible things to add or remove from the handbook. I would like to create focus groups with students who read the handbook prior to starting college, during their first year of college, and after they have been a student for at least two years. In the focus groups, we would discuss topics such as the students overall experience as a college student and how well the handbook prepared them. By conducting a focus group with a diverse group of students, it will provide supplemental information to how effective this handbook as been to students at different stages, not Just incoming freshmen. This will help gauge who my audience is and how effective the handbook is by hearing students feedback. Finally, I would produce an Phone app that will help students utilize the strategies the handbook mentions. For instance, it will have an option for students to create a short-term and long-term goal at the beginning of each semester. Following the semester, the student will be reminded what goal they set and determine if they achieved it or not. The app will also have different functions such as a grade book, a Allendale, an exercise log, and upcoming events at the school. By producing this Phone app, the students will receive important resources that will encourage their success as a college student. Discussion A future research topic may include the effectiveness of campus tours and freshman for incoming freshmen. It is irrational to believe that one handbook will change the lives of all incoming freshmen. But, providing better resources and events that educate students may help the difficult transition better. This research could consist of surveys or interviews conducted after events like orientation or campus tours. Some aspects discussed may include: how useful these events are, what additional information may be useful, if two days of orientation is too much, and if moving into housing earlier could help students better adapt to the college lifestyle. Overall, students experience many unexpected problems when starting their college career. Making the transitional shift from high school to college can be difficult. Students should not be afraid or nervous to ask for assistance when needed. In addition, they should figure out what methods and habits work best for them while using the resources that are available.

Value and Valor

Value and Valor Value and Valor Value and Valor By Mark Nichol Words pertaining to worth and worthiness that are based on the syllable val or a similar letter combination are related. This post lists and defines the words in this group. The Latin verb valere, meaning â€Å"be strong† or â€Å"be well,† was extended in meaning to refer to worth, in both practical and aesthetic terms. Valor, which originally meant â€Å"courage,† â€Å"merit,† or â€Å"virtue† but now generally retains only the first sense, is derived from the Latin word. Valiance, a synonym for valor, is rare, but the adjectival form, valiant, meaning â€Å"brave,† is more common. Valid, meanwhile, originated in legal contexts to refer to what is legally binding, but by extension, it came to mean â€Å"supported by authority or facts.† (The noun form is validity.) Value, meaning â€Å"price† or â€Å"degree of esteem or usefulness,† is also a verb, and another noun form, valuation, pertains to the act or process of appraising financial worth, as well as judgment of character or worth or measure of market value. Evaluation, however, refers more broadly to measure of something’s financial value or of condition or significance; more recently, it has also come to pertain to a review of job performance. Less obviously related words include the verb avail, meaning â€Å"benefit† or â€Å"help,† or â€Å"gain† or â€Å"serve.† It also functions as a noun in such expressions as â€Å"to little avail† or â€Å"to no avail,† meaning â€Å"help† or use†; the adjectival form, available, means â€Å"accessible,† â€Å"present,† or â€Å"ready,† or â€Å"qualified† or â€Å"willing.† (The noun form is availability.) Others include prevail, meaning â€Å"be successful,† and its adjectival form, prevalent, which means â€Å"common† or â€Å"dominant.† Countervail, meanwhile, means â€Å"compensate† or â€Å"counteract.† Valence, a term for the amount of power of an atom or a unit of such strength, or for capacity to perform or degree of attractiveness, is generally confined to medical and scientific contexts, but it is the basis of ambivalence and equivalence, both of which have adjectival forms in which a t replaces the last two letters. The former word was coined by a psychologist on the model of the latter term to refer to conflicted feelings but soon took on a broader meaning; equivalence itself means â€Å"correspondence of characteristics.† Valedictorian and valetudinarian, though both derived from valere, are not to be confused. The former word describes the person who provides the valediction, a farewell speech at an event such as a graduation ceremony. (The first element stems from the Latin word for â€Å"farewell,† which literally means â€Å"be well† or â€Å"be strong.†) Valetudinarian, meanwhile, describes a hypochondriac or a sickly or weak person; the word also functions as an adjective, though valetudinary is also used. Meanwhile, the verb convalesce (the adjectival and noun forms are convalescent and convalescence) is antithetical to both senses of valetudinarian; it means â€Å"become healthier or stronger.† The feminine French name Valerie, and its variously spelled masculine Slavic equivalents, are cognate with valere. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a UK Business Letter50 Diminutive Suffixes (and a Cute Little Prefix)25 Idioms About Bread and Dessert

The 21st century obsession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The 21st century obsession - Essay Example To underline the importance of the social networks and media, we need to look at the instrumental role they played in the Egyptian revolution earlier this year (Douglas). With integrated features, social networking sites offer different ways to personalize ways in which individual share. However, while the benefits of the social networks cannot be overemphasized, there are many dangers associated with their use. Such dangers bring a conflict arising from the use of too much of these social networks. This danger is akin to the current situation in the country and globally involving an obsession of the nation by these sites. In addition, the danger is further compounded by the conflict in determining the extent to which one should use the social networks. In this regard, this expose elucidates the issues that conflict the use of the social networks while addressing the history behind the social network. According to Boyd and Ellison, social networking sites are web-based platforms that allowed individuals to construct a profile based on the privacy levels they wished to have and create lists based on their interests in order to communicate effectively. Social networking sites draw their history from computer networking (Bold and Ellison). In this regard, early online services such as Usenet and the bulletin boards that we are all aware of were crucial in the efforts to create the social networking sites. However, integration of social networking sites on the World Wide Web earnestly started taking the nature of communities based on the online platforms. In this regard, these platforms were a tool that enabled people to come together and interact through chat rooms. In addition, the platforms allowed the online communities to come together and share information while communicating (Cotriss). From this point, the technology that enabled the current

Taking Business Abroad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Taking Business Abroad - Essay Example , between 2012 and 2013, seen basically flat sales (221M in 2013 and 222M in 2014), which is a problem for achieving growth for this High Street firm. The company was, however, able to raise its net income from  £3.1 million to  £5.3 million between 2013 and 2014 as a result of reduced selling, general and administrative costs in its operational model (Bloomberg). In 2011 and 2012, the company reported no profitability. Thornton’s, as a High Street company, provides gourmet chocolate products under a premium pricing structure to cater to the higher resource consumer in the United Kingdom. It is positioned in its market against quality, attempting to build a premium brand identity to gain interest from its more affluent target customer segments. The firm’s recent advertising strategies included The Art of the Chocolatier and Chocolate Heaven since 1911 as a means of using traditionalism and quality/sophistication to gain interest in markets that lean toward premium products. Fortunately, Thornton’s does not operate in a highly saturated competitive environment, competing against such brands as Cadbury which are not targeted at the high resource consumer. After 103 years of operations, Thornton’s has managed to create a brand that stands out among lower cost, less quality chocolate products and has a reputation for superiority with many UK consumers. Thornton’s, with flat sales volumes, requires a strategy to achieve growth in a market where consumption levels are not growing sufficiently. In the UK, Thornton’s is in its maturity stage which makes it difficult to achieve revenue growth without altering its existing business model and seeking new markets. This report identifies opportunities for Thornton’s PLC to enter the Chinese market as a means of enhancing sales growth and improving the financial position of the firm. The company’s most significant competitor is Cadbury, a company that produces chocolate products targeted at mass markets, but

Development of Aircraft Maintenance Programme

Development of Aircraft Maintenance Programme 1.0 Introduction. The aircraft maintenance scheduling process is very detailed and encompasses the inputs of various departments of an airline. The maintenance programme needs to be efficient and cost effective. To establish a good maintenance programme there needs to be a liaison with the marketing, flight operations, engineering and finance departments so that the regulatory requirements of the airworthiness of the aircraft can be maintained. The objective of this paper is to produce a cost effective and efficient maintenance programme for KalAir. This will be based on one aircraft type operating on the domestic route and another aircraft type operating on the regional/international routes. The study will cover A 10 year maintenance plan. A suitable type of maintenance programme. In-house or outsourcing decisions. Type of skills required and the number of staff The aircraft chosen to operate the domestic route will be the ATR 72-500. The aircraft has the capability to use a propeller brake hence there is no need for an Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) when the aircraft is on ground. This will save weight on the aircraft and there will be less component maintenance costs and less spares will be required. The ATR 72 powered by the PW127F engines provides outstanding short field performance even on difficult hot and high airfields and this will be very useful for KalAir as most of its domestic destinations have short fields which are both hot and high. The A318 aircraft is chosen for the regional/international routes because fewer aircraft is required in the first 5 years compared to the E190 and this would save KalAir some money with its upfront capital outlay. Also similar type of aircraft in the A320 family is used in the region, hence more maintenance options and expertise will be available and higher spares availability can be achieved through spares pooling. 2.0 Purpose of Maintenance Maintenance is defined as ‘the action necessary to sustain or restore the integrity and performance of the airplane (Hessburg 2001). This will be achieved by carrying out the necessary inspections, repair, overhaul and the replacement of parts. Maintenance processes can be divided into three different categories namely hard time, on condition and condition monitoring. The hard time process requires the item to be removed and overhauled or discarded before exceeding a set time interval. This time interval can be based on calendar time, flight hours, flight cycles or at check intervals. The on condition process is where the item will be checked and tested periodically to see whether it meets the test standards and deterioration limits before deciding to replace the item. The condition monitoring process can either be a failure based or a predictive maintenance process if there is a trend analysis of the failure rates recorded. Generally condition monitoring components are usually operated until failure occurs and replaced as an unscheduled maintenance item until enough operator and industry experience is built. Maintenance is carried out on aircraft to ensure the aircraft can operate safely at all times. Maintenance is in place to ensure there is aircraft availability at all times to keep the fleet in service. If an aircraft is taken out of service the whole flight schedule will be disrupted and passengers need to be put on alternate carriers or be provided with accommodation to cope with the delay. The airline has to maximise the value of the aircraft by keeping the airframe, engine and components in good working condition by carrying out effective maintenance. Provision has to be made for chance failures like tyre bursts, hard landings and also for deterioration due to the environment and age which might cause corrosion problems, fatigue failure and wear and tear. 2.1 Types of maintenance checks Pre-flight checks are usually done before the first flight of the day and transit checks are carried out when the aircraft is on ground at its destination before the next take-off. These are cursory inspections of the aircraft to look for obvious damage, fluid leaks, and loose panels and to also ensure that oil levels are correct. The letter checks start of with the A check where it involves the opening of some access panels to conduct checks and servicing. Some special equipment will be required to carry out some of the checks like engine boroscope inspections. The C check is a detailed inspection of individual systems and components for functionality and serviceability like flight controls and engine inspections. In this phase of check extensive inspections will be carried out to check for fatigue failure and corrosion. As this check requires a hangar visit for about five to fifteen days this opportunity will be used to clear deferred defects and carry out the embodiment of service bulletins and airworthiness directives. The D check is an extensive structural check of the aircraft where both visual and non destructive test inspections are carried out to check for deformation, corrosion and cracking. As structural checks require a lot of disassembly to gain access for inspection it is very labour intensive and takes about twenty to thirty days on average. Table 1 is an example of the block maintenance and intervals for the different checks that will be used for the A318 aircraft in KalAirs fleet. Type Interval Downtime Main Purpose Daily 36h 2 to 3h General visual inspection (GVI) A Check 600 FH Overnight Servicing, Engine boroscope, GVI C Check 18 Mths 3 to 5 days Operational Check 1C/3C 2 days 2C 3 days 4C Check 5/6 Yrs 14 to 21 days Structural Inspection (Corrosion) 4C 5Y HMV 21 days 5Y only 14 days 8C Check 10/12 Yrs 24 to 51 days Structural Inspection (Corrosion+ fatigue) Table 1: A318 Block Maintenance Source: ATE Lecture notes 2008 Table 2 is an example of the block maintenance and intervals for the different checks that will be used for the ATR 72 aircraft in KalAirs fleet. Type Interval Downtime Main Purpose Daily 24h 2 to 3h Checks and zonal visual inspections A Check 500 FH Overnight Zonal visual inspections, lubrication, servicing and operational checks C Check 4000 FH 3 to 5 days Operational and functional checks on aircraft and powerplant systems Propeller Inspection 8000 FH 3 to 5 days (part of C check) Based on, on wing engine monitoring Structural Inspections 4C Check *2/4/8 Yrs 13 to 27 days Structural Inspection (Corrosion+ fatigue) * based on estimated 5.5FH daily utilisation Table 2: ATR 72 Block Maintenance Source: Adapted from ATE Lecture notes 2008 2.2 Maintenance Systems To carry out the maintenance on the KalAir fleet of aircraft there are two kinds of maintenance systems available. One is the pyramidal system where a set of jobs is planned for a particular interval and another set of jobs is added at the next multiple of this basic interval. The benefits of this system are that a fixed set of tasks are allocated and it can be completed within the time frame without much variation. However in this system the aircraft will be out of service for a long period of time and the workload for the maintenance staff will be subjected to cyclical variations leaving them idle at times till the next aircraft comes for maintenance. The other option available is a progressive or equalised maintenance system where large checks are broken down into smaller checks of equal size and carried out more frequently. The checks can be small enough to be carried out overnight and this will allow the workload for the maintenance personnel to be more constant. Therefore to me et KalAirs tight flight schedule and to maximise the workforce an equalised maintenance programme will be adopted. 3.0 In-house or outsourcing decisions The decision to conduct the maintenance in-house or to outsource the maintenance for KalAir that operates a fleet of three A318 aircraft in the first five years and four A318 aircraft in the next five years together with four ATR 72 aircraft for the whole ten year period is not an easy one. KalAir has not previous experience of operating either of these aircraft types and neither have they operated aircraft that were produced by these aircraft manufacturers. Moreover it would not make economic sense to acquire all the necessary tooling and equipment to maintain three A318 aircraft for the first five years. The capital investment to carry out heavy maintenance cannot be justified but, KalAir needs to ensure that it has adequate capability to handle line maintenance. As KalAir is operating in a region that is in close proximity to the Gulf and Indian sub-continent outsourcing the maintenance for the A318 aircraft would be the best solution. The heavy maintenance, engine overhaul and co mponent repair can be out sourced to maintenance organisations in India as there are about five airlines operating a total of about hundred A320 family aircraft (ATI). An alternative option of sending the A318 aircraft for maintenance in the Gulf is also available but the maintenance costs might not be as competitive as in India and the number of spares available in the Gulf region might be lower considering that less A320 family aircraft operate in that region. KalAir has some experience operating turboprop aircraft like the Antonov An 24 and Fokker F-27 and this experience can be credited towards carrying out maintenance on the ATR 72 aircraft. The systems architecture on turboprop aircraft that are western built and Russian built do not vary very much because of the use of more mechanical systems. Unlike western built modern jet aircraft which have a large amount of avionics introduced. Hence consideration can be made to carry out a larger portion of maintenance of the ATR 72 aircraft in-house. Also the hangar space required would not be very much and the equipment acquired to maintain the ATR 72 would not be a high investment compared to acquiring maintenance equipment for the A318 aircraft. Also the availability of the ATR 72 aircraft is very important as the airfields in the domestic sector are not very well developed and do not have navigation aids. Hence having in-house maintenance capability is quite important. KalAir can establish an in-house maintenance program together with a packaged deal where provisions for engine off wing maintenance, component and line replaceable units can be outsourced to the maintenance organisation in exchange for replacement parts thereby ensuring that the ATR 72 aircraft can carry on with its normal flying schedule as soon as possible with minimal down time. 4.0 Maintenance Engineering Organisation Structure The maintenance and engineering organisation structure of KalAir will be established according to the following areas covering these job responsibilities. The assumption here is based on the previous operating experience of KalAir and that there is already some maintenance capability with adequate hangar space. Technical Services Engineering, publications, planning and training (for both A318 ATR 72 fleet) Aircraft Maintenance Hangar Line (for both A318 ATR 72 fleet) Maintenance Control Centre (for both A318 ATR 72 fleet) Shop Maintenance Structures, mechanical and instrument (for ATR 72 fleet) Material Purchasing and receiving Stores and inventory Quality Quality Assurance Quality control Safety reliability The organisation has to be structured this way so as to ensure that it has maximum capability of handling the ATR 72 maintenance and the ability to handle an adequate amount of maintenance on the A318 so that it would not jeopardise the flight schedule. To ensure this KalAir will need to hold a large inventory of spares. This list of spares to be held will be based on the Minimum Equipment List of both the A318 and ATR 72 aircraft and also ‘AOG spares so that it would not render these aircraft on ground (AOG). Spare engines for both aircraft need to be kept by KalAir so that a Quick Engine Change (QEC) can be carried out and the aircraft replaced with a new engine. The engine that is removed can then be sent to the engine repair facility for repairs to be carried out. The materials planning needs to be done well in advance and the availability of spares and tooling needs to be ensured before the aircraft goes into the hangar for maintenance. 4.1 Manpower management As two aircraft types are operated by KalAir engineers will be type rated on both aircraft. Provisions will have to be made such that maintenance staff are trained to Part 66 standards with certification for Category A, B1, B2 and C for both the ATR 72 and A318 aircraft. KalAir needs to ensure that there is at least one staff with a Category C rating for the A318 and ATR 72 aircraft so that he can sign the certificate of release to service for these aircraft after the necessary maintenance. Though heavy maintenance of the A318 will not be carried out in-house the certification of staff at Category C level might be required for two purposes. One reason is if an AOG team is dispatched to recover an aircraft for a collapsed landing gear for example and the other is for ensuring the continuing airworthiness management of the aircraft during the airworthiness review. The line maintenance team will comprise of two groups of staff on duty one the ATR 72 team and the other the A318 team during the day. Each team will have three to four staff and one of whom will act as the team leader. KalAir will operate a three shift pattern operating twenty four hours. Table 3 shows the shift pattern and the manpower allocation. There is an overlap in the shifts so as to allow a proper handing and taking over between each shift. Shift Time A318 staff ATR staff Manpower 1 0630-1530 4 8 12 2 1500-2330 4 6 10 3 2300-0700 6 6 12 Table 3: Shift pattern and manpower Though maintenance staff will be cross trained on both aircraft types to meet manpower requirements for unexpected incidents a clear distinction between the two teams will be maintained during the normal operations. A higher provision for ATR staff is made for shift 1 because of the increased activity of aircraft at 1000hras and 1400hrs. A consistent number of staff will be maintained for the night shift as the work packages will not vary considerably, if it does the staff strength can be increased or overtime can be introduced. At the maintenance control centre two staff will be present during shift 1 and 2 as that is when all the flying activity takes place and the flight schedule needs to be maintained and the unexpected maintenance will be scheduled for the night shift. The line stations will be manned by Part 66 certified Category A staff to certify the aircraft after transit checks. 5.0 KalAir Maintenance Programme The KalAir flight schedule for an A318 and ATR 72 aircraft combination for year 1 and year 5 onwards is attached in Appendix 1. Based on this flight schedule the flight hours and the flight cycles can be calculated for both the fleets and is shown in Table 4. Year 1 to 4 Year 5 to 10 Aircraft Daily FH Daily Cycles Daily FH Daily Cycles A318 1 15 3 15 3 A318 2 15 3 15 3 A318 3 11.5 2 11.5 2 [A318 4] NA NA 8 2 A318 Average 14 3 12.5 3 ATR7 1 14.3 4 14.3 4 ATR7 2 14 5 14 5 ATR7 3 9.5 3 9.5 3 ATR7 4 3 1 10 3 ATR7 Average 10.5 4 12 4 Table 4: Aircraft cycles and flight hours The scheduling of the aircraft will be planned according to the average flight hours and cycles. Since the flight hours and cycles over time have been obtained, the calendar based and usage based inspections can be scheduled. The hard time maintenance intervals will be designed to be incorporated in the scheduled checks to allow for less down time. The aircraft that has the highest daily flight hours in each fleet will be the first in the sequence when the maintenance is planned. The maintenance schedule for the A318 aircraft will be based on the data available in Table 1 and the maintenance schedule for the ATR 72 will be based on the data in Table 2. The calculations for the A318 aircraft give about 7 A checks in a year. This can be scheduled such that an A check together with a split C check is done at a one and a half month interval carried out throughout the night over six days. Hence the C checks will be similar to a single task oriented maintenance concept except that it would be carried out over a longer time period with less aircraft visits. The 4C check and the 8C check come together with structural checks and heavy maintenance. For year 5 when the new A318 aircraft arrives it can be used as a replacement aircraft over the period of time when the existing A318 aircraft go through their heavy maintenance. A request for an earlier delivery for the A318 aircraft can be made so that the heavy maintenance can be carried out earlier. This will cause a delay in implementing the new flight schedule but it will definitely save KalAir the costs of leasing an aircraft in the interim and it will not disrupt the existing flight schedu le. The 8C check can be scheduled anytime after 10 years but as this will be a heavy maintenance combined with a C check it will take about 21 days. This will leave no alternative for KalAir but to schedule this heavy maintenance back to back for all the three older A318 aircraft after the newest A318 aircraft that came in year 5 completes its 4C check and heavy maintenance. For example A318 1 will undergo maintenance first because it has the highest utilisation, followed by A318 2 and so on from March to May during the period of heavy maintenance. The 4C checks will commence after receiving the fourth A318 aircraft if possible. The other aircraft will then be sent to a third party maintenance organisation for heavy maintenance. This 4C checks for the A318 will be scheduled from March to May of Year 5. This is to allow for stability of the flight schedule and the balance of work load for the maintenance staff as the ATR 72 fleet will return from their heavy maintenance beginning in October in Year 4 till January in Year 5. This is to give an allowance because it has been seen from past experience that when aircraft return from heavy maintenance there is an increased occurrence of maintenance snags. In Year 10 the 8C checks require restoration of main gear and can commence from March to May of Year 10 to synchronise all A318 heavy maintenance during this period. As this can be planned ahead provisions for a leased A318 can be made without being affected by the peak summer periods. If an A318 is unavailable KalAir can wet lease another type of aircraft that has similar capacity and operating capabilities. For the ATR 72 as the maintenance is planned to be carried out in-house. Based on a 500FH interval for an A check it works out to about one check in one and a half months. A C check will be at about a 15 month interval based on the flight hours of the flying schedule. It would not be productive for the ATR maintenance staff to remain idle between the inspection intervals hence the C1 and C3 checks in the first five years will be equalised before the first heavy maintenance in Year 4 which will allow it to be carried out in a shorter time. The C check intervals will be shortened such that each ATR 72 aircraft will undergo a check in a year. The maintenance will be scheduled such that the ATR7 1 has the highest utilisation will undergo maintenance first followed by ATR7 2 and so on. The heavy C checks for the ATR 72s will commence every year in October and last till January the following year. In the first five years it is possible to make a minor change to the flight schedule to free one aircraft so that the other aircraft can spend some time in the hangar for the heavy checks. Moreover this will last during the October to January time frame which is long enough for passengers not to be affected by the minor change in the flight schedule. With reference to the flight schedule in Appendix 1 the third ATR72, AT7 3 can operate to SUZ instead of TOZ at 1400hrs and operate another flight to TOZ departing for TOZ at 1800hrs as TOZ has capability to handle aircraft at night. This amendment to the flight schedule can be done during the October to January time period. From Year 6 onwards it would not be possible to use a block concept for the ATR 72 C checks because it would not be possible to take an aircraft out of the flight schedule. It would be possible to use a single task oriented maintenance concept for the C checks but the aircraft will still have to be out of service during the periods of heavy maintenance where structural inspections need to be carried out. For example the 8C check comprises structural inspections, landing gear replacements and propeller inspections which are huge job packages to be completed over a period of night stops. Hence it would be better to ground the aircraft to carry out this heavy maintenance and the necessary modifications and embodiment of Airworthiness Directives. During this period from October to January another ATR 72 aircraft can be leased to operate the schedule. It is also possible to operate an ATR 42 aircraft if an ATR 72 is unavailable because of the spare parts commonality and cross crew qualifi cation. The assumptions made in creating the maintenance schedule for the A318 and ATR 72 fleet of aircraft are. Aircraft maintenance is performed during the night at KKV The C checks for the ATR 72 from Year 1 to 4 will be performed during the day and night. The maintenance base is located within the vicinity of KKV airport. The heavy maintenance for the A318 is outsourced. The experienced gained on the first aircraft for the checks will allow maintenance staff to complete the same type of work on the other aircraft in a shorter time frame. The scheduled overhaul of engines and components with will be planned to synchronise with the scheduled checks. 5.1 Maintenance Costs The maintenance costs for the A318 and ATR 72 aircrafts are calculated and attached in Appendix 2A to 2D. The average flight hours and cycles from Table 3 are used to calculate the maintenance costs based on these utilisation rates. The assumptions made here are that the average distance travelled by the A318 aircraft is 1000nm and 200nm for the ATR 72, both the aircraft will depreciate to 30% of its original value after 12years and the cost of investment will include spares which amount to about 19% of the aircraft price. The annual maintenance costs for the A318 aircraft is about two million a year. From Year 5 the maintenance costs per aircraft is slightly less because an extra A318 has been acquired and the flight hours per aircraft are slightly lower giving rise to a lower cost per aircraft trip. The maintenance costs for the ATR 72 aircraft is about one million a year and it works out to about one thousand dollars per aircraft trip. The maintenance costs from Year 5 onwards has shown an increase because more flights are undertaken with the existing fleet of ATR 72 aircraft giving rise to a fifty cents increase per aircraft mile. 6.0 Issues to overcome There is a strong need to lease an aircraft for both the A318 and ATR 72 fleet when these aircraft undergo heavy maintenance. This is due to the high utilisation of the aircrafts in the normal flight schedule. There is a need to have an ‘AOG team and necessary spares inventory stationed at KKV in the event that an aircraft becomes stranded at one of the overseas stations. Supplementary work force can be employed from within the region or the Indian sub continent when the ATR 72s undergo heavy maintenance or the situation warrants it. If difficulties arise in carrying out the work in-house KalAir should establish strong relationships with maintenance organisations in India to outsource work as both the aircraft types operate in India and manpower will not be an issue. 7.0 Conclusion Due to its unique location and surroundings KalAir has to build up substantial maintenance capability. It can outsource maintenance work but has to hold sufficient inventory of spares to keep its fleet flying. KalAir cannot afford to have an ‘AOG and keep the aircraft on ground due to the unavailability of spares because of the very tight flight schedule it is operating. As all domestic traffic needs to be carried it also cannot afford to cancel flights and cannot remove aircraft from service to carry out maintenance. As the lessor requires that all aircraft return to base and no night flights can be conducted it gives a good opportunity to schedule all maintenance at night and clear all faults before the first flight the next day. Due to the constraints that KalAir faces it would be more prudent to lease aircrafts in the short term period when the A318 and ATR 72 aircraft undergo heavy maintenance to meet the flight schedule. References Clark, Paul. Buying the big jets: fleet planning for airlines. Ashgate Pub., 2007 Air Transport Intelligence Fleet Search http://www.rati.com/frameset/frameset_f.asp?target=../news/news.asp (accessed 3rd June 2008) Alfares, Hesham. K. Aircraft maintenance workforce scheduling. Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering 5(2), 1999 ATR aircraft website. http://www.atraircraft.com/public/atr/html/products/products.php?aid=506pid=28710 (accessed 3rd June 2008) Hessburg, Jack. Air carrier MRO handbook. New York : McGraw-Hill, 2001. Kinnison, Harry A. Aviation maintenance management. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004. S.Yan et al. Airline short-term maintenance manpower supply planning. Transportation Research Part A (38), 2004 1.0 Introduction This paper will look into the regulatory requirements laid down by the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) for Continuing Airworthiness Management Organisations and then the procedures that need to be taken for a commercial airline based in the EU to meet these requirements. The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) was created on 28th September 2003 and endowed with the regulatory and executive tasks in civil aviation safety. EASA has jurisdiction over new aircraft type certificates, design related airworthiness approvals for aircraft, engines and parts. EASA has also developed regulations for air operations, flight crew licensing and has also established common technical requirements and administrative procedures for ensuring the continuing airworthiness of aircraft. European Commission Regulation 1702/2003 of 24th September 2003 is on the airworthiness and environmental certification of aircraft and related products, parts and appliances, as well as for the certification of design and production organisations. European Commission Regulation 2042/2003 of 20th November 2003 is on the continuing airworthiness of aircraft and aeronautical products, parts and appliances, and on the approval of organisations and personnel involved in these tasks. Annex I of EC 2042/2003 is on Part M Continuing Airworthiness, which lays down the measures to be taken to ensure that maintenance and airworthiness is maintained. It also specifies the conditions to be met by the persons and organisations involved in continuing airworthiness management (De Florio 2006). Annex II of EC 2042/2003 is on Part 145 Maintenance Organisation Approval, this establishes the requirements to be met by a maintenance organisation to qualify for the issue or continuation of an approval for the maintenance of aircraft and components (De Florio 2006). Annex III of EC 2042/2003 is on Part 66 Certifying Staff, this establ